Blood pressure is a fundamental measure of cardiovascular health. It refers to the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of arteries as it flows through them. This pressure is essential for the transportation of oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. However, when blood pressure is consistently high or low, it can indicate underlying health issues.
Blood pressure is typically measured using two values: systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. The systolic pressure represents the force exerted on artery walls when the heart contracts and pumps blood, while the diastolic pressure represents the force when the heart is at rest between beats. Blood pressure readings are recorded as a fraction, with systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (e.g., 120/80 mmHg).
Normal blood pressure ranges fall within a specific range. The American Heart Association (AHA) defines normal blood pressure as systolic pressure below 120 mmHg and diastolic pressure below 80 mmHg. Prehypertension, a precursor to hypertension, is characterized by blood pressure readings between 120-139 mmHg systolic and 80-89 mmHg diastolic.
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when the force against artery walls is consistently elevated. This condition can strain the cardiovascular system, leading to serious complications such as heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. On the other hand, hypotension refers to persistently low blood pressure, which can cause dizziness, fainting, and inadequate blood flow to vital organs.
Numerous factors can influence blood pressure. Some are controllable, such as lifestyle choices (e.g., diet, exercise, and stress management), while others are uncontrollable, such as genetics and age. Risk factors for developing high blood pressure include obesity, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle, a diet high in sodium and low in potassium, and a family history of hypertension.
Monitoring blood pressure regularly is crucial for early detection and management of hypertension. By understanding blood pressure levels and maintaining a healthy lifestyle, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent and control high blood pressure, reducing the risk of associated complications.
